Syllabus Statements 3.2.U3: Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with histone proteins (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 151).
Describe the structure of eukaryotic DNA and associated histone proteins during interphase (chromatin).
Explain why chromatin DNA in interphase is said to look like “beads on a string.”
1.6.U2: Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 52).
Describe the structure of a replicated chromosome, include the centromere and sister chromatids.
Explain why chromosomes must condense during mitosis.
7.1.U2: Nucleosomes help to supercoil the DNA (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 347).
Draw and label the structure of a nucleosome, including the H1 protein, the octamer core proteins, linker DNA and two wraps of DNA.
Explain the levels of supercoiling (DNA→ nucleosome → beads on a string → 30nm fiber → unreplicated interphase chromosome → replicated metaphase chromosome).
7.1.S2: Utilization of molecular visualization software to analyze the association between protein and DNA within a nucleosome (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 348).
Identify nucleosome structures using molecular visualization software.
Outline the mechanism of histone-DNA association.
1.6.U4: Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 52).
List example metabolic reactions occurring during cell interphase.
Outline events of G1, S, G2 and G0 phases of interphase.
1.6.U1: Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 51).
State the function of mitosis.
List four processes which involve mitosis.
State the names of the four phases of mitosis.
Draw typical eukaryotic cells as they would appear during the interphase and the four phases of mitosis.
Outline four events that occur during prophase.
Outline the process of metaphase, inclusive of the role of microtubules and the kinetochore.
Outline the process of anaphase.
Outline four events that occur during telophase.
1.6.S1: Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 52).
Determine the phase of mitosis of a cell viewed in a micrograph or with a microscope.
1.6.S2: Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 55).
State the formula for calculation of a mitotic index.
Calculate the mitotic index of a tissue as seen in a micrograph.
Outline the use of mitotic index calculations in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
1.6.U3: Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plants and animal cells (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 55).
Define cytokinesis.
State the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis..
Contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
Describe the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis.
Describe the formation of the middle lamella and cell wall in plant cell cytokinesis.